Selasa, 05 April 2011

Tugas Bahasa Inggris (Softskill)


PART 5
THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON
(TINGKAT PERBANDINGAN)

Qualitative adjective adalah suatu adjective (kata sifat) yang menerangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda. Qualitative adjective mempunyai tiga tingkatan yang di sebut degree of comparison. Degree of comparison di gunakan untuk menunjukkan derajat/tingkatan perbandingan bilamana membandingkan seseorang atau suatu benda, yaitu :
1.    Positive degree                               = tingkat perbandingan sama
2.    Comparative degree                       = tingkat perbandingan lebih
3.    Superlative degree                          = tingkat perbandingan paling

*      POSITIVE DEGREE
Apabila dua orang atau benda di katakan sama dalam hal sifat tertentu, kita menggunakan positive degree dengan as . . . as, atau dengan ungkapan tertentu yang sama artinya.

Rumus :            as + positive + as
                        No less + positive + than
                        Not more + positive + than

Contoh :
§  This girl as clever as that
= anak perempuan ini sepandai perempuan itu.
§  This girl is no less clever than that.
= anak perempuan ini sama pandainya dengan anak perempuan itu.
§  That girl is not more clever than this
= gadis itu tidak lebih pandai dari gadis ini (berarti gadis itu dan gadis ini sama pandainya).
§  The man is as old as my father
§  She is as tall as my sister

*      COMPARATIVE DEGREE
Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan tidak sama dalam hal sifat yang tertentu, kita menggunakan comparative degree.


Rumus :         comparative + than

Contoh :
§  This boy is more clever than that.
§  This boy is cleverer than that.
= anak laki-laki ini lebih pandai daripada anak laki-laki itu.
§  This boy is cleverer than I (am).
= anak laki-laki ini lebih pandai daripada saya.
§  Dhea is taller than her sister.
= dhea lebih tinggi daripada saudara perempuannya.
§  Jakarta is bigger than Surabaya.
= Jakarta lebih besar daripada Surabaya.
§  Prancis is farther than Jakarta.
= Prancis lebih jauh daripada Jakarta.

Catatan :
a)    John is cleverer than his brother.
= john lebih pandai daripada saudaranya
b)    John is the cleverer of the two boys.
= john adalah yang lebih pandai di antara kedua anak laki-laki itu.
Apabila dua orang atau benda di pebandingakan, comparative harus di pakai.
Bentuk kalimat (a) dan (b) berarti sepenuhnya hal yang sama.
Bentuk (a) hanya menunjukkan keunggulan.
Bentuk (b) menunjukkan kepemilihan yang lebih baik di antara yang satu dengan yang lain.



*      SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (tingkat superlative)
Apabila seorang atau sebuah benda di katakana melebihi atau mengungguli semua orang atau benda yang lain yang sama macamnya, kita menggunakan Superlative Degree the … Of

Perhatikan :
1.    Kalau lebih daripada dua orang atau benda di perbandingkan, bentuk superlative harus di pakai.
2.    Kata-kata sifat alam bentuk superlative di dahului oleh the dan diikuti oleh of atau in.

Rumus :            the + superlative + of
                        The + superlative + noun + in
Keterangan : yang di maksud dengan noun dalam rumus ke dua tersebut adalah orang atau benda yang di dahului oleh kata sifat superlative.

Contoh :
§  She is the tallest of all the girls.
= ia paling tinggi di antara semua gadis itu.
§  This girl is the cleverest of all.
= gadis ini paling pandai di antara semua gadis itu.
§  Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia.
= Jakarta adalah kota terbesar di Indonesia.
§  Mount Everest the highest mountain in the world.
= gunung everest adalah gunung yang tertinggi di dunia.
§   The history book is the cheapest of the three books.
= buku sejarah adalah yang termurah dari ke tiga buku itu.

            Catatan 1 :
            Superlative degree boleh juga di nyatakan oleh bentuk comparative dengan cara yang berikut ini :
§  This girl is more clever than all other girls.
= gadis ini lebih pandai daripada semua gadis yang lainnya.
            Catatan 2 :
            Kadang-kadang kata sifat very dalam pengertian yang benar-benar atau yang sebenarnya (actual or real), demi kepentingan penegasan atau penekanan, di sisipkan antara the dan kata sifat superlative.
§  She is the very best student in our class.
= wanita itu siswi yang benar-benar terbaik di kelas kita.

v  Kata sifat yang huruf akhirnya-y, di tukar dengan –I lau di tambah denagn –er untuk comparative dan –est untk superlative.

Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
As heavy as
heavier
heavies
As happy as
happier
happiest
As lucky as
luckier
luckiest
As busy as
busier
busiest
As lazy as
lazier
laziest

v  Kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih di beri tambahan more di depannya untuk membentuk comparative degree dan most untuk superlative degree.

Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
As diligent as
More diligent
Most diligent
As stupid as
More stupid
Most stupid
As expensive as
More expensive
Most expensive
As handsome as
More handsome
Most handsome
As beautiful as
More beautiful
Most beautiful
As interesting as
More interesting
Most interesting
As careless as
More caraless
Most caraless
As dangerous as
More dangerous
Most dangerous

v  Beberapa kata sifat yang mempunyai bentuk tersendiri untuk comparative dan superlative-nya.

Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
As good as
better
Best
As bad as
worse
Worst
As evil as
wors
Worst
As many as
more
Most
As much as
more
Most
As far as
further
Furthest
As little as
less
least

Tugas Bahasa Inggris (Softskill)

PART  4
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice (kalimta pasif) adalh lawan dari active voice (kalimat aktif). Pada kalimat aktif lebih menekan pada pelaku dan akibat dari perbuatan pelaku, kalimat pasif lebih menekan pada kejadian atau peritiwa.
Untuk mengubah sebuah kalimat aktif ke dalam kalimat pasif, kalimat yang akan di ubah bisasnya mempunyai kata kerja transitif (transitive verb) atau kalau kita ingin menggunakan kalimat pasif, kata kerjanya harus transitif.

1.   Stuktur kalimat aktif pada Simple Present Tense.

Subject + verb(1) + object

ACTIVE:
Ø  Gilang always help his father in the garden
Ø  Gilang doesn’t always help his father in the garden.
Ø  Does gilang always help his father in the garden?
Stuktur kalimat pasif pada Simple Present Tense.
Subject + am/is/are + verb(3) + object


PASSIVE:
ü  His father is always helped 9by gilang) in the garden.
ü  His father is not always helped (by gilang) in the garden.
ü  Is his father always helped (by gilang) in the garden?

2.   Stuktur kalimat aktif pada Present Continous Tense.

Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing + object

ACTIVE:
Ø  His brother is preparing the car in the garage.
Ø  His brother is not preparing the car in the garage.
Ø  Is his brother repairing the car in the garage?
Stuktur kalimat pasif pada Presnt Continous Tense.
Subject + am/is/are + being + verb(3) + object

PASSIVE:
ü  The car is being repaired by (my brother) in the garage.
ü  The car is not being repaired by (my brother) in the garage.
ü  Is the car being repaired by (my brother) in the garage?

3.   Stuktur kalimat aktif dalam Present Prefect Tense.

Subject + have/has + verb(3) + object

ACTIVE:
Ø  All the books have been returned by my sister to the library.
Ø  My sister has not returned all the books to the library.
Ø  Has my sister returned all the books to the library?
Stuktur kalimat pasif pada Present Perfect Tense.
Subject + have/has + been + verb(3) + object

PASSIVE:
ü  All the books have been returned (by my sister) to the library.
ü  All te books have not been returned (by my sister) to the library.
ü  Have all the books been returned (by my sister) to the library?

4.   Stuktur kalimat aktif dalam Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing + object

ACTIVE:
Ø  Dhea has been doing her homework since this morning.
Ø  Dhea has not been doing her homework since this morning.
Ø  Has dhea been doing her homework since this morning?
Stuktur kalimat pasif pada present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Subject + have/has + been + being + verb(3) + object

PASSIVE:
ü  Her homework has been being done (by dhea) since this morning.
ü  Her homework has not been being done (by dhea) since this morning.
ü  Has her homework been being done (by dhea) since this morning?

5.   Stuktur kalimat aktif dalam Simple Past Tense.

Subject + verb(2) + object

ACTIVE:
Ø  Ledhia bought this English Dictionary three weeks ago.
Ø  Ledhia didn’t buy this English dictionary three weeks ago.
Ø  Did ledhia buy this English dictionary three weeks ago?

Stuktur kalimat pasif pada Simple past Tense.
Subject + was/were + verb(3) + object



PASSIVE:
ü  This English dictionary was bought (by ledhia) last week.
ü  This English dictionary was not bought (by ledhia) last week.
ü  Was this English dictionary bought (by ledhia) last week?

6.   Stuktur kalimat aktif dalam Past Countinuous Tense.

Subject + was/were + being verb(3) + object
ACTIVE:
Ø  My secretary was typing the letter at 10 o’clock  this morning.
Ø  My secretary was not typing the letter at 10 o’clock this morning.
Ø  Was my secretary typing the letter at 10 o’clock this morning?
Stuktur kalimat pasif pada Past Continuous Tense.
Subject + was/were + being verb(3) + object

PASSIVE:
ü  The letter was being typed (by my secretary) at 10 o’clock this morning.
ü  The letter was not being typed (by my secretary) at 10 o’clock this morning.
ü  Was the letter being typed (by my secretary) at 10 o’clock this morning?

Rabu, 23 Februari 2011

Tugas B.Inggris (Softkill)


PART 1

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

An adverbial clauses is a dependent clause used as an adverb; it therefore can modify a verb, an adjective, a verbal, another adverb, or a sentence.

          John went home early
          John went home as soon as he could

Subordinating words in adverbial clause
          A subordinate conjunction introduces the adverbial clause and connects it with a word in the main clause. The following are frequently used subordinate conjunctions :

After                           even if                         since                                        until
Although                     even though                so that                                     whatever
As                                for fear that                 so… that                                 when
As if                            if                                  such…that/…such that           whenever
As/so long as               in order that                supposing(that)                       where
As soon as                   no matter if                 than                                         wherever
Because                       on condition that         though                                     whether
Before                         provided (that)                        unless                                      while

Example of adverbial clauses arranged according to the meaning of the subordinate conjunction :

1.    Clause of Time: Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti;  
When, whenever, while, since, after, before, until, as.
•Abraham Lincoln maintained great interest in legal studies when he was president.
•He read law books whenever he had the chance.
•He even read while as he conducted cabinet meetings.
•He had wanted to be a lawyer since he was a young boy.
•He worked as a lawyer after he finished his education.
•He was a member of the legislature of his state before he became president.
•He maintained his interest in law until he was assassinated.
•He will batter appreciate Lincoln the lawyer when we study his legal opinions.


2.    Clause of Place: Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti;
where, wherever
•I have always lived where I was born.
•We will meet wherever the committee decides.

3.    Clause of Manner: Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti;
as, as if
•I will do as I have been instructed.
•He acted as if he owned the place.

4.    Clause of Comparison:  
as, than
•I don’t swim as well as he does.
•However, I swim better than she does.

5.    Clause of Reason, Cause, Porpose; Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat,seperti;
as, because, so that, in order that, for fear that, since
As/Since you have already studied that chapter, it will not be necessary to read it again.
•It will not be necessary to study that chapter because you have already read it.
•The instructions are to read that chapter so that we will be prepared to take the examination.
•The instructions were to read that chapter so that we would be prepared to take the examination.
•I will study the chapter so that I can pass the examination.
•I studied the chapter so that I could pass the examination.
•I read the chapter in order that I might be prepared to take the examination.
•I read that chapter several timea for fear that I might not be prepared for the examination.

6.    Clause of Result: Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti;  
so … that, such … that/ … such that
•The book was so interesting that I read it in on evening.
•It was such an interesting book that I read it in one evening.
•His skill was such that he solved the problem very rapidly.

7.    Clause of Condition: Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti;
if, whether, unless, provided(that), on condition that, as/so long as, supposing(that)
•He will sign the contract if it is satisfactory.
(perhaps it will be satisfactory)
•He would sign the contract if it were satisfactory.
(it is not satisfactory)
•He would have signed the contract if it had been satisfactory.
(it was not satisfactory)
•He will sign the contract whether it is satisfactory or not.
•He will not sign the contract unless it is satisfactory.
•He will consider it, provided that all his condition that he be allowed to consult his wife.
•H e will sign the contract as long as his wife has no objections.
Supposing he signs the contract, will it take effect immediately?

8.    Clause of Contrast, Concession: Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti;
although, though, even though, no matter if, while, even if, wherever, whenever, whatever, as much as, whereas.
Although I had a slight handicap, I was an a ambitious student.
•My grades were always excellent, even though I was often absent.
•I wanted to excel in everything, no matter if it cost me extra effort.
While I made many friends in the class, I had to learn on my own.
•I always passed all the tests, even if I needed more time than the others.
Wherever I sat in class, my teachers always made sure I could hear.
Whenever I spoke, they always listened patiently
Whatever I may achieve, my fellow students and teachers deserve a lot of credit.
As much as I needed special attention, people were always helpful.
Whereas a handicap can be an obstacle, to me it was a reason for trting harder.